SPERM DELIVERY SYSTEM

The human penis is an external male sexual organ. It is a reproductive, intromittent organ that also acts conveniently as a directional urinal duct. The main purpose of a penis is to penetrate the female vagina and deposit sperm safely inside.

The main parts are the root (radix); the body (corpus); and the epithelium of the penis including the shaft skin and the foreskin covering the glans penis. The body of the penis is made up of three columns of tissue: two corpora cavernosa on the dorsal side and corpus spongiosum between them on the ventral side. The human male urethra passes through the prostate gland, where it is joined by the ejaculatory duct, and then through the penis. The urethra traverses the corpus spongiosum, and its opening, the meatus lies on the tip of the glans penis. It is a passage both for urine and for the ejaculation of semen.

The penis is homologous to the clitoris. An erection is the stiffening and rising of the penis, which occurs during sexual arousal, though it can also happen in non-sexual situations. The most common form of genital alteration is circumcision, removal of part or all of the foreskin for various cultural, religious, and medical reasons. In hotter climates that religious ceremony is actually derived from the need for cleanliness. There is controversy surrounding circumcision.

While results vary across studies, the consensus is that the average erect human penis is approximately 12.9–15 cm (5.1–5.9 in) in length with 95% of adult males falling within the interval 10.7–19.1 cm (4.2–7.5 in). Neither patient age nor size of the flaccid penis accurately predicts erectile length.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL DESIGN

As described in the 2011 publication: 'Sex at Dawn,' the human penis has one of the most advanced designs through eons of natural selection for high sperm competition. Comparing to our closest ancestor, the bonobo, the human penis is longer and sexual activity is much longer lasting (the bonobo reaching orgasm after merely a minute of intercourse). The repeated thrusts of human intercourse are designed to create a vacuum effect in an attempt to remove a previous male's semen from the entrance to the cervix before depositing his own while part of the semen functions as spermicide rather than fecundative material. In addition "upon ejaculation, the head of the penis shrinks in size before any loss of tumescence (stiffness) in the shaft, thus neutralizing the suction that might have pulled his own boys back." These traits, along with relatively large testes size compared to other primates suggest that primitive humans were predominantly polygamous before the advent of agriculture.

PUMPED DELIVERY

The relatively high pressure on nuclear material is called 'ejaculation'. This is where sperm mixed with other fluids called semen, is forced out of the urethra, from the penis. The chemical mechanism that accompanies such release is called an orgasm. Nature has made the sensation pleasurable to humans (and presumably other animals) to encourage frequent copulation - and so more pregnancies and births. Unfortunately for planet earth, humans reproduce more often and more successfully than any other animal.

THE ORGASM

A series of muscular contractions delivers semen, containing male gametes known as sperm cells or spermatozoa, from the penis. It is usually the result of sexual stimulation, which may include prostate stimulation. Rarely, it is due to prostatic disease. Ejaculation may occur spontaneously during sleep (known as a nocturnal emission or wet dream). Anejaculation is the condition of being unable to ejaculate.

Ejaculation has two phases: emission and ejaculation proper. The emission phase of the ejaculatory reflex is under control of the sympathetic nervous system, while the ejaculatory phase is under control of a spinal reflex at the level of the spinal nerves S2–4 via the pudendal nerve. A refractory period succeeds the ejaculation, and sexual stimulation precedes it.

CIRCUMCISION

The most common form of genital alteration is circumcision: removal of part or all of the foreskin for various cultural, religious, and more rarely medical reasons. For infant circumcision, modern devices such as the Gomco clamp, Plastibell, and Mogen clamp are available.

With all modern devices the same basic procedure is followed. First, the amount of foreskin to be removed is estimated. The foreskin is then opened via the preputial orifice to reveal the glans underneath and ensured that it is normal. The inner lining of the foreskin (preputial epithelium) is then separated from its attachment to the glans. The device is then placed (this sometimes requires a dorsal slit) and remains there until blood flow has stopped. Finally, part, or all, of the foreskin is then removed.

Adult circumcisions are often performed without clamps and require 4 to 6 weeks of abstinence from masturbation or intercourse after the operation to allow the wound to heal. In some African countries, male circumcision is often performed by non-medical personnel under unsterile conditions. After hospital circumcision, the foreskin may be used in biomedical research, consumer skin-care products, skin grafts, or β-interferon-based drugs. In parts of Africa, the foreskin may be dipped in brandy and eaten by the patient, eaten by the circumciser, or fed to animals. According to Jewish law, after a Brit milah, the foreskin should be buried.

There is controversy surrounding circumcision. Advocates of circumcision argue, for example, that it provides important health advantages that outweigh the risks, has no substantial effects on sexual function, has a low complication rate when carried out by an experienced physician, and is best performed during the neonatal period. Opponents of circumcision argue, for example, that the practice has been and is still defended through the use of various myths; that it interferes with normal sexual function; that it is extremely painful; and that when performed on infants and children, it violates the individual's human rights.

The American Medical Association stated in 1999: "Virtually all current policy statements from specialty societies and medical organizations do not recommend routine neonatal circumcision, and support the provision of accurate and unbiased information to parents to inform their choice."

The World Health Organization (WHO; 2007), the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS; 2007), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC; 2008) state that evidence indicates male circumcision significantly reduces the risk of HIV acquisition by men during penile-vaginal sex, but also state that circumcision only provides partial protection and should not replace other interventions to prevent transmission of HIV. In addition, some doctors have expressed concern over the policy and the data that supports it.

This document is a valuable resource in criminal cases where penetration is alleged and has not taken place. Digital penetration without foreplay is the most damaging, penile penetration next and so on. With foreplay and proper lubrication, damage to a vagina may not be so easy to detect - but then foreplay suggests willing partners rather than rape. There is still much research to be done and being done, most in the United States at the moment. A definition in absolute terms needs to be addressed.

Virginity testing should be mandatory in any case where an allegation of rape or other abuse is made, to enable to defence and prosecution to establish the facts of the case and whether there is sufficient evidence to proceed with a trial. Obviously, where a claim of non-consensual penetration is alleged (especially multiple claims) if the claimant is lying and is still intact, that fact will not wear well with a jury or the trial judge. A complete and comprehensive set of tests should therefore be undertaking to be able to build a picture as to the likelihood that penetration has or has not taken place. Women will naturally object to such tests, when without them conviction of an innocent man is possible, hence, compensation may be claimed and any revenge motive will succeed - which is far more often the case than an eager prosecution will let on.

LINKS and REFERENCE

http://www.theguardian.com/2014/feb/25/michael-gove-schools-female-genital-mutilation

http://www.rcpch.ac.uk/

http://www.rcpch.ac.uk/events/child-protection-courtroom

http://www.rcpch.ac.uk/child-health

International Activities

Child Advocacy International (CAI)

Department for International Development (DFID)

Global health partnerships: UK contribution to health in developing countries

Important information for International Medical Graduates

International Child Health Group (ICHG)

International PaediatricAssociation (IPA)

Royal Colleges' International Forum (RCIF)

Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology International News

Royal College of Physicians

Royal College of Surgeons

United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund (UNICEF)

World Health Organization (WHO)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginity_test

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginity_fraud

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymen

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LINKS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penis

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